On 18th June 2023 at 9: 30 am, 5 people sat in a submarine called Titan and dove into the sea. They were going to seek the wreck of the Titanic . The same historical ship Titanic that had sunk in the sea about 100 years ago . This an extreme form of adventure tourism and it is very expensive .
Each person sitting in the submarine had spent more than 20 million INR for a few hours of this tour . This trip is so expensive because Titanic wreck is hidden deep in the sea . Specifically speaking 3,810 meters below the surface of water . This submarine started its journey under the water . It takes about 2 hours to reach the deep of 3,810 meters .
At every 15 minute interval, this submarine sent a signal to the support ship on the surface of the see named the polar prince . For the , this was the only communication channel with world . On that day 18th June it had been only 1 hour and 45 minutes of this submarine dive into the sea that suddenly it loses contact with the support ship on the sea .
At 4 : 30 pm by the time when the submarine should have come back up after its tour, there is no sign of it . At 7: 10 pm the team in the polar prince decided to inform the US Coast Guard. And from here a 4-day long multinational search began . A large scale search and rescue operation is carried out to find this submarine.
Aircraft, ships and robot vehicles were also used . Everyone had only one question in their mind . What happened to these passengers? Now lets understand the whole story of the Titan submarine .
The place where the Submarine disappeared is in the Atlantic Ocean near Canada . If you look to the map you will see it from 600 km away from newfounland , a Canadian island . At this place ,in the depths of the water, you will find the wreck of the Titanic, broken into two parts .
The bow and stern both lying about 800 meters away from each other . The Titan submarine that disappeared here was not a submarine but a submersible . These two words are very similar to each other . So, till now , I using the word submarine to simplify things , but there is a very important difference between these two words .
Submarines
Submarines have their own power. They can use a port to go into the sea and come out of the sea independently .
Submersible
But submersibles cannot do that. To launch a submersible into the water and for it to come back, a support ship is needed. A ship that is present on the surface of the water and is controlling everything.”
In our case, this support ship was the Polar Prince . This entire operation was run by a company called OceanGate,, whose CEO was Stockton Rush . Remember his name because he plays n important role in the story . By profession, he had been an aerospace engineer. And in 2009 , he founded the OceanGate company .
A private company whose purpose was to take rich people on deep sea expeditions as tourism . This company started offering Titanic tours in July 2021 . Before this, they offered tour of other ship wrecks and areas. As you can still see on their websites apart from the Titanic , there were expeditions to Azores and Bahamas.
Titanic was not the only submersible of this company . Apart from this , OceanGate had two other submersibles , Antipodes and Cyclops. Antipodes could go up to a depth of 304 m, and cyclops up to 500 m . But Titan was designed to go down 4,000 m , 4 km underwater .
This is why this was the only submersible to go to the Titanic . To visualise the frightening depth of 3,800m look at this chart created by the Washington post. Measurements are in feet here . Normally a man height is 6 feet . The iceberg that collided with the Titanic was 100 feet above the surface of the water and several times that underwater. 130 feet is the maximum depth that recreational scuba diverse can go to while scuba diving.
After 650 feet , a twilight zone area starts where only a small amount of light can penetrate the depths of the water . 1,600 feet was the depth of the deepest-ever underwater rescue operation conducted to date . 2,600 feet is the depth where giant squids swim. Giant squids are so scary that they look like they have come from an alien planet.
If you go further a midnight zone starts after 3,800 feet . No sunlight reaches below this mark . Everything turns black after this . The water temperature here around 4 C . Now if you go further down from here . 5,00 feet, 6,000 feet , 8,000 feet, 10,000 feet. And then you finally reach 12,500 feet , here is the ocean floor where the Titanic wreck is lying .
The pressure at this depth is almost 400 times the pressure on the surface . So, whichever submersible goes to this depth its design should be thoroughly though out . The glass for looking outside , the size of the window , could be only this big. And the window in the Titan submersible which is called a viewport , was the biggest viewport that had been installed in any private submersible to date .
The Titan submersible was not that big. It had the capacity to seat only 5 people . Its main body , which is called the Hull , was made of carbon fiber . Two caps were attached at the end, which were made of titanium and the total length of it was approximately 6.7 meter . And weighed more than 10,400 kg.
In its design , you can see there were four electric thrusters outside . Two horizontal and two vertical , through which it could be operated . Now an interesting fact to be noted here this sub was controlled by a video game controller . This is not as weird as it sounds. Because the US Navy also controls their submarines and the periscopes the viewports to see outside .
They control them with Xbox controllers. But yes, the entire submarine , Titan was being controlled with a video game controller . This means that the pilot who was operating the submersible in the water . was also using his game controller . If you look at the inside, there were no seats to set inside it . But small toilet was provided which was beside the viewport.
But there was no barrier to the toilet , so they literally said that if some had used the toilet, other would need to face the other way . To keep looking at a TV screen while the toilet was being used . Because these submersible go so deep into the water , the GPS does not work here .
The communication to their support ship was carried on through a text messaging system . It is still unclear which internet connection was available on the ship. In a tweet from a few back, OceanGate had said that they were using starlink satellite internet service to communicate .
If we come back to this story of 18th June then 5 people were on board this submersible that day . The first was 58-year old British billionaire Hamish harding . He was an adventurer and a 3-time Guinness world record holder . In 2016 ,he went to the south pole with astronaut Buzz Aldrin. At one time he died a 4-hour dive into the deepest part of the Ocean, Mariana Trench .
And last year, he was part of the Blue Origin suborbital flight which was started by the space exploration company of Jeff Bezos . The second passenger was Paul Henri Nargeolet 77 year old . A former commander of the French Navy . He had visited the Titanic wreck 37 times . He was the director of underwater research of the RMS Titanic .
The third and fourth passengers were a British-Pakistani businessman , Shahzada Dawood and his 19 year-old son Suleman. He was the owner of one pf the biggest companies in Pakistan . Suleman aunt had said that Suleman was actually scared of going . But he went with his father to please him and to give him company on this journey .
As i told you, that day the submersible was communicating with the support ship at every 15-minute interval . This communication stopped at 11: 15 AM. After this , no communication and no signal is received . Despite this it was expected that the Titan would resurface at 4 : 30 PM as scheduled . Because if by chance, this submersible would get stuck in the water .
There was a way for the passenger to tilt it from inside and push it back and forth to bring it back up . This is done by removing the ballasts . Ballasts are an important part of big ships and submarines to provide stability . They are nothing more than heavyweight . With their help, submarine can descend into the water.
In olden days stones and sandbags were used as ballasts . But today submarines use water ballasts . Ballast tanks are filled with water so that the weight increase and the submarines sink into the water . At 4: 30 PM when the Titan did not resurface , people in the support ship waited for a while and then notified the US Coast Guard at 7: 10 PM.
After tis , began the great race . The race against time 96 hours, only 4 days of oxygen supply was available in Titan . So if a rescue operation had to be conducted , they only had 4 days to find the passengers alive . Often an emergency locator is installed on ships which is called emergency position indicating radio Beacon, EPIRB . With the help of this these vessels can be located . But it was not installed in Titan . Here another problem was that even if Titan would have come back to the surface of the sea , people sitting inside it would have died due to the lack of oxygen .
Because there is noway to open this submersible from the inside . You heard it right , the door of this submersible could only be locked from the outside and opened from the outside . So whether the submersible was inside the water or on the surface those 4 days were very critical .
On the top of it the search area was 25,000 km . Imagine how difficult it is to find a van-sized submersible in sug a huge area . The area was 7 times bigger than the state of Goa. And the deepest underwater rescue that has been done so far was only done till the depth of 480 meters underwater in 1973 . But still the rescue teams their lives at stake .
Initially two American and two Canadian aircraft started this operation . Sonar was deployed by them so that they could detect signal even from underwater . Three ships started the search from the surface , but as time passed , more ships started coming in for the search operation. Some remotely operated vehicles i.e ROVs were also used here .
Think of them like basically a robot-type vehicles no one sits inside it but they can dive into the water and find things . And they are controlled from the surface of the water . Three ROVs were searching for Titan . After 3 days of the searching , On the third day of the search operation , A sonar from a Canadian aircraft heard some banging noises .
In half hour intervals , some sounds were heard , like someone knocking on te door . Later the US Coast Guard also heard the sounds . Finally on 22nd June an ROV searching on the Ocean floor encountered some debris . Around 490 meters away from the Titanic bow . It was confirmed upon seeing the debris that the submersible had broken apart .
The people who sitting inside it had lost their lives . After searching some more , 5 pieces of debris were found in total . On the same day the US Coast Guard confirmed in a press conference that the banging noises they heard had nothing to do with this Titan submersible . Actually the conclusion that was derived was that Titan imploded due to high pressure .
You might be thinking that implosion mean bursting. But it is actually the opposite of an explosion. We used the word explosion when there is an outbreak or eruption like a bomb explosion. The force moves outwards . But the force of an implosion moves inwards. Breaking apart due to being squeezed in , that is implosion . And catastrophic implosion means that the implosion happened so fast that the entire structures was destroyed but it did not even take a millisecond. This means that the people sitting in it were killed immediately in the blink of an eye but they did not feel it .
The question here is what was the reason behind this implosion? Actually, the main body of the Titan as I said it was made of carbon fiber. But usually submarines and submersibles are made of steel , titanium or aluminum . This carbon fiber design of Titan was an experimental design.
No one had ever tested the properties of carbon fiber in such depths of the ocean before . And looking at this disaster we can say that carbon fiber is not suitable material for this use case. As said by an Ocean explorer, Robert Ballard . The man who discovered the wreck of the Titanic in 1985. He said that they have done thousands of dives in different vehicles to get to the bottom of the ocean . But they have never lost a vehicle .
This was the first time that a submarine or a submersible imploded in this way . James Cameron , the director of famous films has been to the deep sea many times for various expeditions . He said the same thing. The caps of titanium were still intact on the se floor unharmed . But the main body of carbon fiber is no scattered in pieces .
He strongly criticized Titan saying that safety regulations were not followed . If you see the old interviews of OceanGate company CEO you will hear the same thing again and again . In 2019 a long article was published in Smithsonian Magazine in which the CEO was talking about OceanGate . He said that the US passenger vessel safety act of 1993 was needlessly prioritizing passenger safety over commercial innovation.
He felt that this act is useless and that there is no deed to pay so much attention to safety . In another interview last year he said At some point safety just is pure waste. I mean if you just want to be safe don’t get out of bed, don’t get in you car , don’t do any thing . After this he says I have broken some rules to make Titan . I think i have boke them logic and good engineering behind me .
The rule stated that carbon fiber and titanium were not be used. But he used them broke the rule intentionally. Stockton Rush knew that he was conducting an experiment which could be very dangerous . In January 2018 , OceanGate director of marine operations David Lochridge had actually mentioned safety concerns about Titans submersible . And when OceanGate did not pay any heed to the warning he went to court with it . In the court he stated that there should be a safety assessment and certification of this submersible, but OceanGate refused .
He said that this company was not interested in spending money on safety . The legal battle in the court was eventually settled later in 2018 . But on 27th March 2018 36 people wrote a letter to Stockton Rush . The letter was written by industry leaders deep sea explorers , Oceanographers and such other people . They said that the experimental approach being taken not getting things quality checked can lead to a terrible accident someday .
In March 2018 , another deep sea exploration specialist had written an email to the CEO to be a little conservative about safety. He had written that Rush was putting himself and his clients in danger . In the race to reach Titanic Rush was accused of repeating the same phrase . She is unsinkable . Now the same happened with the Titan . In the pages of history the name of Stockton Rush has now been included in this list .
List of inventors who were killed by their own inventions. This teaches us that safety standards and regulations should never be ignored . If you find this blog informative don’t forget to share it with your friends and family .
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